ПОМОГИТЕ 100Б .Common Law and Civil Law
Common Law, term used to refer to the main body of English unwritten law
that evolved from the 12th century. The name comes from the idea that English
medieval law, as administered by the courts of the realm, reflected the
“common”customs of the kingdom. This system of law prevails in Britain and in
those countries, such as Canada and the United States, that were originally
colonized by English settlers.
The common law is based on the principle of deciding cases by reference to
previous judicial decisions, rather than to written statutes drafted by legislative
bodies. Common law can be contrasted to the civil-law system, based on ancient
Roman law, found in continental Europe and elsewhere. Whereas civil-law judges
resolve disputes by referring to statutory principles arrived at in advance, common-
law judges focus more intently on the facts of the particular case to arrive at a fair
and equitable result forth litigants.
General rules or precedents are guidelines for judges deciding similar cases in
the future. Subsequent cases, however, may reveal new and different facts and
considerations, such as changing social or technological conditions. A common
law judge is then free to depart from precedent and establish a new rule of
decision, which sets a new precedent as it is accepted and used by different judges
in other cases.In this manner,common law retains dynamic for change. As the
U.S. Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. wrote in his book, The
Common Law (1881): “The life of the [common] law has not been logic; it has
been experience.”
Civil Law, term applied to a legal tradition originating in ancient Rome and to
the contemporary legal systems based on this tradition. Modern civil law
systems,which were originally developed in Western European countries,have
spread throughout the world. The term civil law also applies to all legal
proceedings that are not criminal. Under this definition laws regulating marriage,
contracts, and payment for personal injuryare examples of civil law.
The most obvious feature of acivillaw system is the presence of a written
code of law.The codes systematic and comprehensive compilation of legal rules
and principles. Although the contents of codes may vary widely from country to
country, all codes are intended as a blueprint of social regulation that attempts to
guide individuals through society from birth to death.
The civil law tradition makes a sharp distinction between private and public
law. Private law includes the rules governing civil and commercial relation ships
such as marriage, divorce ,and contractual agreements. Public law consist so
flatters that concern the government: constitution allaw,criminal law,and
administrative law. In many countries with civil law systems, two sets of courts
exist—those that hear public law cases and those that address matters of private
law.
The role of judges in civil law jurisdictions differs considerably from that of
judges in common law systems. When different facts or new considerations arise,
common law judges are free to depart from precedent and establish new law. The
civil law tradition views judges as government officials who perform essential but
uncreative functions. Civil law judges administer the codes that are written by legal
scholars and enacted by legislators. They may also consult legal treatises on the
issue in question. The civil law system assumes that there is only one correct
solution to a specific legal problem. Therefore, judges are not expected to use
judicial discretion or to apply their own interpretation to a case.
TASK 1.Answer the following questions:
1. What does the term common law refer to?
2. In what countries does common law system prevail?
3. How common law can be contrasted to the civil-laws ystem?
4. What is the main principle of the common law legal system?
5. What Is the difference in resolving disputes between common-law judges
and civil-law judges?
6. What is a precedent?
7. When a judges an depart from the precedent?
8. What are the two meanings of the term civil law?
9. In what countries is civil law system used?
10. What is the distinction between private and public law?
11. What is the difference in the role of judges in civil law jurisdictions and in
common laws systems?
Answers & Comments
Ответ:
Объяснение:
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1. Для обозначения чего используется термин "общее право"?
Термин "общее право" обозначает основную часть английского неписаного права.
2. В каких странах превалирует система общего права?
Система общего права превалирует в Британии и ее бывших колониях.
3. Как общее право можно противопоставить системе гражданского права?
В системе общего права неписаный закон более важен, чем свод законов; в гражданском праве все наоборот.
4. Каков главный принцип системы общего права?
Рассмотрение дел основано на обращении к предыдущим судебным решениям, а не к писаному праву, утвержденному законодательными органами.
5. В чем разница подходов к разрешению споров у судей общего права и гражданского права?
Судьи общего права фокусируются на фактах конкретного дела, тогда как судьи гражданского права обращаются к установленным законом принципам.
6. Что такое прецедент?
Прецеденты - это предыдущие судебные решения, которые служат руководством для судей общего права, разрешающих подобные дела в будущем.
7. Когда судьи имеют право отойти от прецедента?
Судьи общего права могут отойти от прецедента, если появляются новые факты и соображения.
8. Какие два значения есть у термина "гражданское право"?
Гражданское право обозначает одновременно и правовую традицию, основанную на Римском праве, и все процессуальные действия, не относящиеся к сфере уголовного права.
9. В каких странах применяется система гражданского права?
Систему гражданского права можно найти в континентальной Европе и большинстве стран, кроме тех, где используется общее право.
10. В чем различие между публичным и частным правом?
Частное право включает в себя правила, регулирующие гражданские и коммерческие отношения, тогда как публичное право состоит из вопросов, имеющих значение для правительства.
11. Чем различаются роли судей в системах общего и гражданского права?
Судьи общего права могут отойти от прецедента и установить новый закон, тогда как судей гражданского права рассматривают как государственных должностных лиц.
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