ДАМ 80 БАЛЛОВ ПЕРЕВОД
THE JOB OF MANAGEMENT

What is management? Are there certain functions that all managers perform regardless of whether they’re company presidents, managers of departments, or supervisors of department sections?

If we watch managers at work, we might conclude that their jobs differ so widely in content and scope that no generalizations about management are possible.

One reason for this is that many managers, even top managers, do work that is not management at all. A simple example is the sales manager who actually sells and perhaps has a set of customers of his own, in addition to managing the sales force. Then there’s the “working foreman” or leadman who works right along with the group he’s supervising. In these cases the managers are actually spending only part of their time on management itself.

A second reason why it may be difficult to identify the functions common to all managers is that the scope of their activities differs widely.

Yet, if we look closely at managers at work, we can see that funda-mentally they are all performing — or should be performing — the same functions during the time they are actually managing rather than doing the work similar to that done by those under them.

These functions are planning, organizing, directing, controlling, staff-ing, leading, representing and decision making. None of the management functions can be performed without communication.

There were good managers, of course, long before anyone ever studied management.

The field of management has drawn on sociology, psychology, eco-nomics, and other disciplines, and it is in these areas that the manager
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