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SOME FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAYS IN BRITAIN
The concept of railway tracks came to England in the 16th century from Europe where tram- ways had been used in mines since the Middle Ages. However, the history of steam railway began later.
The name of George Stephenson should be mentioned in connection with the development of steam traction in Britain. He carefully studied the steam engines made by Thomas Newcomen and James Watt. In 1813 he tried to produce a steam powered machine. In 1814 George Stephenson constructed a locomotive named the Blucher; it was capable of pulling a thirty ton train up a hill at 4 mph and was “worth fifty horses”.
The first public steam railway in the world was opened on the 27th of September, 1825. It was the Stockton and Darlington Railway. The work on this track began in 1822. Stephenson used malleable iron rails carried on cast iron chairs. These rails were laid on wooden blocks for 12 miles between Stockton and Darlington. The 15 miles track was laid on stone blocks. There was only one locomotive, which was named the Locomotion, by George Stephenson. The train consisted of 38 open top cars and reached a speed of 15 mph (24 km/h).
The most famous locomotive built by George Stephenson and his son Robert was called the Rocket. It won the competition at the Rainhill Trails in October 1829.
The Liverpool - Manchester line, approximately 30 miles (about 48 km) long, was opened on the 15th of September, 1830. Large crowds assembled along the line to watch an 8 locomotive procession. The railway was a great success and it became a classic example of a steam railway. Since then many railways in Britain were constructed and put into operation.
The first railway into London was the London - Birmingham line. In 1833 Robert Stephenson was appointed the chief engineer of this line.
The building of the London - Brighton Railway started in 1838 and was completed in 1841. Over 3,500 men and 570 horses were used in the construction of this railway.
The early first class carriages were not very comfortable. Later Nathaniel Worsdell designed carriages which had three enclosed compartments. The second class carriages had wooden benches and were opened at the sides. The third class carriages had holes in the floor to allow the rainwater to drain away.
In 1839 John Ramsey designed a Travelling Post Office carriage. The post office workers were able to collect mail at stations without a train having a stop.
In the early days the railways began to employ “policemen” to regulate traffic. Some years later it became the practice to provide fixed signals (three colored system of lamps at night and flags or colored boards by day). The railway semaphore was first seen in 1841 on the London - Croidon Railway. This signal system was conceived by Charles Hutton Gregory. With the invention of the electric telegraph the next step forward was made. Soon the “block system” was introduced. In 1843 a central frame from which both points and signals could be operated was constructed. A complete interlocking system was set up by 1858.
In 1845 Royal Commission looked into the subject of the railway gauge. It was decided to use a standard one. In 1857 the first steel rails were made and laid in Derby. Steel rails gradually replaced cast iron ones everywhere.
Britain presented the world with a complete system for the construction and operation of the railway. A lot of important inventions were made in the field of civil engineering, motive power design and the details of rolling stock. Railways went back to Europe in the 19th century as an English invention.
SOME FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAYS IN BRITAIN
The concept of railway tracks came to England in the 16th century from Europe where tram- ways had been used in mines since the Middle Ages. However, the history of steam railway began later.
The name of George Stephenson should be mentioned in connection with the development of steam traction in Britain. He carefully studied the steam engines made by Thomas Newcomen and James Watt. In 1813 he tried to produce a steam powered machine. In 1814 George Stephenson constructed a locomotive named the Blucher; it was capable of pulling a thirty ton train up a hill at 4 mph and was “worth fifty horses”.
The first public steam railway in the world was opened on the 27th of September, 1825. It was the Stockton and Darlington Railway. The work on this track began in 1822. Stephenson used malleable iron rails carried on cast iron chairs. These rails were laid on wooden blocks for 12 miles between Stockton and Darlington. The 15 miles track was laid on stone blocks. There was only one locomotive, which was named the Locomotion, by George Stephenson. The train consisted of 38 open top cars and reached a speed of 15 mph (24 km/h).
The most famous locomotive built by George Stephenson and his son Robert was called the Rocket. It won the competition at the Rainhill Trails in October 1829.
The Liverpool - Manchester line, approximately 30 miles (about 48 km) long, was opened on the 15th of September, 1830. Large crowds assembled along the line to watch an 8 locomotive procession. The railway was a great success and it became a classic example of a steam railway. Since then many railways in Britain were constructed and put into operation.
The first railway into London was the London - Birmingham line. In 1833 Robert Stephenson was appointed the chief engineer of this line.
The building of the London - Brighton Railway started in 1838 and was completed in 1841. Over 3,500 men and 570 horses were used in the construction of this railway.
The early first class carriages were not very comfortable. Later Nathaniel Worsdell designed carriages which had three enclosed compartments. The second class carriages had wooden benches and were opened at the sides. The third class carriages had holes in the floor to allow the rainwater to drain away.
In 1839 John Ramsey designed a Travelling Post Office carriage. The post office workers were able to collect mail at stations without a train having a stop.
In the early days the railways began to employ “policemen” to regulate traffic. Some years later it became the practice to provide fixed signals (three colored system of lamps at night and flags or colored boards by day). The railway semaphore was first seen in 1841 on the London - Croidon Railway. This signal system was conceived by Charles Hutton Gregory. With the invention of the electric telegraph the next step forward was made. Soon the “block system” was introduced. In 1843 a central frame from which both points and signals could be operated was constructed. A complete interlocking system was set up by 1858.
In 1845 Royal Commission looked into the subject of the railway gauge. It was decided to use a standard one. In 1857 the first steel rails were made and laid in Derby. Steel rails gradually replaced cast iron ones everywhere.
Britain presented the world with a complete system for the construction and operation of the railway. A lot of important inventions were made in the field of civil engineering, motive power design and the details of rolling stock. Railways went back to Europe in the 19th century as an English invention.
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НЕКОТОРЫЕ ФАКТЫ ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ЖЕЛЕЗНЫХ ДОРОГ В ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ
Понятие железнодорожных путей пришло в Англию в 16 веке из Европы, где трамвайные пути использовались в шахтах со времен Средневековья. Однако история паровой железной дороги началась позже.
Имя Джорджа Стивенсона следует упомянуть в связи с развитием паровой тяги в Великобритании. Он внимательно изучил паровые двигатели, сделанные Томасом Ньюкоменом и Джеймсом Уоттом. В 1813 году он попытался создать паровую машину. В 1814 году Джордж Стивенсон построил Локомотив под названием Блюхер; он был способен тянуть тридцатитонный поезд вверх по холму со скоростью 4 мили в час и “стоил пятьдесят лошадей”.
Первая в мире общественная паровая железная дорога была открыта 27 сентября 1825 года. Это была железная дорога Стоктон-Дарлингтон. Работа на этом пути началась в 1822 году. Стефенсон использовал ковкие железные рельсы, которые несли на чугунных стульях. Эти рельсы были проложены на деревянных блоках на протяжении 12 миль между Стоктоном и Дарлингтоном. На 15 км трассы был заложен каменными блоками. Был только один локомотив, который был назван Локомотивом Джорджем Стивенсоном. Поезд состоял из 38 вагонов с открытым верхом и развивал скорость 15 миль в час (24 км/ч).
Самый знаменитый Локомотив, построенный Джорджем Стивенсоном и его сыном Робертом, назывался "ракета". Он выиграл конкурс на тропах Рейнхилл в октябре 1829 года.
Линия Ливерпуль-Манчестер, приблизительно 30 миль (около 48 км) длиной, была открыта 15 сентября 1830 года. Большие толпы людей собрались вдоль линии, чтобы посмотреть на процессию из 8 локомотивов. Железная дорога имела большой успех и стала классическим примером паровой железной дороги. С тех пор многие железные дороги в Великобритании были построены и введены в эксплуатацию.
Первой железной дорогой в Лондон была линия Лондон-Бирмингем. В 1833 году Роберт Стивенсон был назначен главным инженером этой линии.
Строительство железной дороги Лондон-Брайтон началось в 1838 году и было завершено в 1841 году. В строительстве этой железной дороги было задействовано свыше 3500 человек и 570 лошадей.
Первые вагоны первого класса были не очень удобными. Позже Натаниэль Уорсделл разработал вагоны, которые имели три закрытых отсека. Вагоны второго класса имели деревянные скамьи и были открыты по бокам. В вагонах третьего класса были отверстия в полу, чтобы дождевая вода могла стекать.
В 1839 году Джон Рэмси сконструировал передвижную почтовую карету. Работники почты могли собирать почту на станциях без остановки поезда.
В первые дни железные дороги начали нанимать "полицейских"для регулирования движения. Несколько лет спустя стало практиковаться предоставление фиксированных сигналов (трехцветная система ламп ночью и флагов или цветных досок днем). Железнодорожный семафор был впервые замечен в 1841 году на железной дороге Лондон - Кройдон. Эта сигнальная система была задумана Чарльзом Хаттоном Грегори. С изобретением электрического телеграфа был сделан следующий шаг вперед. Вскоре была введена "блочная система". В 1843 году была построена центральная рамка, из которой можно было управлять как точками, так и сигналами. Полная система блокировки была создана к 1858 году.
В 1845 году Королевская комиссия изучила вопрос о железнодорожной колее. Было решено использовать стандартный. В 1857 году в дерби были изготовлены и уложены первые стальные рельсы. Стальные рельсы постепенно заменили чугунные повсюду.
Великобритания представила миру полную систему строительства и эксплуатации железной дороги. Много важных изобретений было сделано в области гражданского строительства, проектирования двигателей и деталей подвижного состава. Железные дороги вернулись в Европу в 19 веке как английское изобретение.