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Substantive law creates, defines or regulates rights, liabilities, and duties in all areas
of law and is contrasted with procedural law, which defines the procedure by which a
law is to be enforced.
The head of state is the monarch, currently the Queen in the UK, but the government
carries the authority of the Crown (the monarch). The Westminster Parliament has two
chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons, which sit separately and
are constituted on different principles. The Commons is an elected body of members.
Substantial reform is being carried out in the upper house, the House of Lords, where
it is proposed that the majority of members be appointed, with a minority elected,
replacing the hereditary peers. There is no written constitution, but constitutional
law consists of statute law, common law, and constitutional conventions.