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THE GROWTH OF PSYCHOLOGY
It has been more than a hundred years since psychology broke away from philosophy and physiology to emerge as a separate discipline. In the past century this young and fertile area of study has undergone a series of expansions in subject matter as well as in research methods. During this period even the basic nature of psychology has been at issue: Is it the study of conscious experience? The study of unconscious processes? The study of individual differences, or of observable behaviour? As we will discover when we examine a few of these basic ideas, these differences of opinion have contributed to the tremendous growth of psychology.
Psychology as the Study of Conscious Experience
Psychology had its formal beginnings in Leipzig, Germany, where Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychological laboratory in 1879. Wundt is considered the first psychologist. He stringently limited the subject to the study of conscious experience. Wundt believed that all our conscious experiences are merely intricate combinations of elemental sensations — that is, intellectual towers made of sensory building blocks. Wundt attempted to use introspection to find the basic sensations. He also tried to discover the principles by which those sensations combine to become conscious experience.
Psychology as the Study of Unconscious Processes
For Sigmund Freud conscious experiences were only the tip of the iceberg. Beneath the surface, he believed, lay primitive biological urges that seek expression but are in conflict with the requirements of society and morality. According to Freud, these unconscious motivations and conflicts are powerful influences on our conscious thoughts and actions; they thus are responsible for much human behaviour.
Psychology Today
Psychology’s roots can be traced back to ancient Greece and to speculations about the nature of sensation, perception, reason, emotion, dreams, and memory. Developments in many countries over many years have contributed to the modern science of psychology, which now flourishes around the world: in Germany, where Wundt established his laboratory; in England, where Galton worked; in Russia, where Pavlov discovered the conditioned reflex; in Japan, where the discipline is still relatively new; and in numerous other countries.
Psychology has gained wide public acceptance in the United States. While American psychology still dominates the world scene, several other countries have proportionately as many psychologists as the United States. These countries include Spain, Finland, Israel, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Denmark.
Fields of Specialization
Experimental psychology investigates basic behavioural processes that are shared by various species. Experimental psychologists have sought answers to such questions as: What is the basis for love between mother and baby? Can animal reason? What is the role of the brain in memory? How do visual experiences during infancy affect later vision? They are also interested in how species are interrelated and in the significance of certain behaviour.
Researchers in the fields of physiological psychology or neuropsychology attempt to untangle the connections between the nervous and endocrine systems and behaviour. There has been a recent explosion of interest in the way that the brain works. The researchers in this area, which is called neuroscience, investigate the workings of sensory systems, the effects of brain damage on behaviour, and the effects of various brain chemicals on psychological phenomena such as memory, pain, and motivation.
Psychologists who specialize in psychopharmacology study the relationship between drugs and behaviour. Other psychopharmacologists explore the connection between psychopharmacology and various mental disorders. Much of this research is directed at identifying drugs that affect specific receptors in the brain — receptors that may be involved in such problems as pain, anxiety, depression, memory loss, and schizophrenia.