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A jury is a body of lay men and women randomly selected to determine facts and to provide a decision in a legal proceeding. Such a body traditionally consists of 12 people and is called a petit jury or trial jury.
The exact origin of the jury system is not known; various sources have attributed it to different European peoples who at an early period developed similar methods of trial. The jury is probably of Frankish origin, beginning with inquisition, which had an accusatory and interrogatory function. Trial by jury was brought to England by the Normans in 1066.
In medieval Europe, trials were usually decided by ordeals, in which it was believed God intervened, revealing the wrongdoer and upholding the righteous. In the ordeal by water, for instance, a priest-admonished the water not to accept a liar. The person whose oath was being tested was then thrown in. If he floated, his oath was deemed to have been perjured. If he was telling the truth, he might drown but his innocence was clear.
In 1215, however, the Catholic Church decided that trial by ordeal was superstition, and priests were forbidden to take part. As a result, f\ new method of trial was needed, and the jury system emerged.
At first the jury was made up of local people who could be expected to know the defendant. A jury was convened only to "say the truth" on the basis of its knowledge of local affairs. The word verdict reflects this early function; the Latin word from which it is derived, veredictum, means "truly said".
In the 14th century the role of the jury finally became that of judgment of evidence. By the 15th century trial by jury became the dominant mode of resolving a legal issue. It was not until centuries later that the jury assumed its modern role of deciding facts on the sole basis of what is heard in court.
Буду благодарен.
A jury is a body of lay men and women randomly selected to determine facts and to provide a decision in a legal proceeding. Such a body traditionally consists of 12 people and is called a petit jury or trial jury.
The exact origin of the jury system is not known; various sources have attributed it to different European peoples who at an early period developed similar methods of trial. The jury is probably of Frankish origin, beginning with inquisition, which had an accusatory and interrogatory function. Trial by jury was brought to England by the Normans in 1066.
In medieval Europe, trials were usually decided by ordeals, in which it was believed God intervened, revealing the wrongdoer and upholding the righteous. In the ordeal by water, for instance, a priest-admonished the water not to accept a liar. The person whose oath was being tested was then thrown in. If he floated, his oath was deemed to have been perjured. If he was telling the truth, he might drown but his innocence was clear.
In 1215, however, the Catholic Church decided that trial by ordeal was superstition, and priests were forbidden to take part. As a result, f\ new method of trial was needed, and the jury system emerged.
At first the jury was made up of local people who could be expected to know the defendant. A jury was convened only to "say the truth" on the basis of its knowledge of local affairs. The word verdict reflects this early function; the Latin word from which it is derived, veredictum, means "truly said".
In the 14th century the role of the jury finally became that of judgment of evidence. By the 15th century trial by jury became the dominant mode of resolving a legal issue. It was not until centuries later that the jury assumed its modern role of deciding facts on the sole basis of what is heard in court.
Буду благодарен.
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Жюри присяжных - это коллегия непрофессионалов (мужчин и женщин), случайно выбранных для установления фактов и принятия решения в судебном разбирательстве. Такая коллегия традиционно состоит из 12 человек и называется малым жюри или судебной коллегией присяжных.
Точное происхождение системы присяжных неизвестно; разные источники приписывают его различным европейским народам, которые в ранний период своей истории пришли к аналогичным методам судебного разбирательства. Жюри, вероятно, имеет франкское происхождение, начавшись с инквизиции, и выполняло обвинительную и допрашивающую функцию. Суд присяжных был завезен в Англию норманнами в 1066 году.
В средневековой Европе суды обычно решались испытаниями судом Божим, в которые, как полагали, вмешивался Бог, выявляя правонарушителя и поддерживая праведников. Например, во время испытания водой священник заговаривал воду не принимать лжеца. Затем в эту воду бросали человека, чью клятву нужно было проверить. Если он удерживался на плаву, его клятва считалась лжесвидетельством. Если он говорил правду, то мог утонуть, но его невиновность была очевидной.
Однако в 1215 году католическая церковь решила, что испытание судом Божим было суеверием, и священникам было запрещено участвовать в них. В результате потребовался новый метод разбирательства, и появилась система присяжных.
Сначала жюри состояло из местных жителей, которые могли знать ответчика. Жюри созывалось только для того, чтобы «сказать правду» на основе своих знаний о местных делах. Слово "вердикт" отражает эту функцию; латинское слово, от которого оно образовано — veredictum, — означает «истинно сказанное».
В XIV столетии функцией жюри окончательно стало рассмотрение доказательств. К XV веку суд присяжных стал основным способом решения правового спора. Только спустя столетия присяжные взяли на себя современную роль принятия решений на основе только того, что было сказано в суде.