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Exercise 14. We often use the Present Perfect tense with “indefinite expressions of time”, such as just, already, recently, ever, never( in middle position after the verb “have”), yet (at the end of questions and negative sentences). Use the verb in brackets in the Present Perfect tense, mind the position of “time expression”:

1. He (already, to buy) this company’s shares. 2. They (never, to use) internal funds to repay the loans. 3. She (yet, not to prepare) the balance sheet? 4. I (just, to see) the manager to discuss the firm’s assets. 5. You (ever, to be) at the Stock Exchange? 6. The loan (already, to mature). 7. I (never, to speak) at the company meetings. 8. We (yet, not to negotiate) the terms of the loan. 9. He (just, to read) their income statement. 10. She (already, to sell) her shares in business.
* Learn the two meanings of since: 1)сполучник часу, що вказує на початок процесу, що безперервно триває з якогось часу в минулому - з; з того часу, як; 2) сполучник причини, що вводить підрядні речення причини—оскільки; так як; через те, що.

Exercise 15. Read and translate the following sentences.

1. You can give them a long-term loan since we have checked their financial statement. 2. We have been partners since 1998. 3. Since the equipment is worn out we have to replace it. 4. He has performed these transactions since the time he was employed by this firm. 5. We do not travel a lot since we are saving money for a new flat. 6. She has written a lot since her first book was published.

* Learn the difference between since and for.

Since is used to give the starting point of actions or situations that continue up to the moment of speaking; it is followed by the reference to the point of time (e.g. since April 24th).

For is used to say how long an action or situation lasts; it is followed by a reference to a period of time (e.g. for three months).

Since: 8 o’clock; he finished school; 2002; last Monday; etc.

For: 2 hours; a week; a long time; ages; etc.

e.g. I have known him since he finished school.

I have known him for a long time.

Exercise 16. Insert since or for in the following sentences:

1. His father has been a managing director …10 years. 2.We have been friends … school years. 3. She has not written to us … two months. 4. They have not heard from him … he went abroad. 5. I have not met him … a week. 6. She has lived here … 2002.

*The Present Perfect Simple is used to say that the action is completed and to talk about its result while the Present Perfect Continuous tense emphasizes the continuation of the action, compare:

I have read your book (= I have finished it).

I have been reading your book (= I have not finished it).

The Present Perfect Simple is used to talk about more permanent situation while the Present Perfect Continuous is especially used for more temporary situations, compare:

I have worked for this firm all my life.

I have been working for this firm since last month.

Both tense-forms have nearly the same meaning, the continuous form stressing the process and the simple form emphasizing the result. Thus, both these sentences are correct:

He has lived in Kyiv since 1987.

He has been living in Kyiv since 1987.

But we tend to use the continuous form if it is possible. Sometimes it is not – with the verbs that are not used in Continuous tenses (see p.136). In such cases we use Perfect Simple forms.