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CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CASES
Crime is a violation of a law that forbids or commands an activity. Such as murder, rape, arson are on the books of every country. Because crime is a violation of public order, the government prosecutes criminal cases.
Courts decide both criminal and civil cases. Civil cases stem from claims to something of value. Disputes arise from accidents, contract obligations, and divorce, for example.
Most countries make a rather clear distinction between civil and criminal procedures. For example, an English criminal court may force a defendant to pay a fine as punishment for his crime, and he may sometimes have to pay the legal costs of the prosecution. But the victim of the crime pursuits his claim for compensation in a civil, not a criminal, action.
Criminal and civil procedures are different. Although some systems, in the English law, allow a private citizen to bring a criminal prosecution to another citizen, criminal actions are nearly always started by the state. Civil procedures, on the other hand, are usually started by individuals.
Some courts, such as the English Magistrates Courts and the Japanese Family Court, deal with both civil and criminal matters. Others, such as the English Crown Court, deal exclusively with one or the other.
In Anglo-American law, the party bringing a criminal action (that is, in most cases the state) is called the prosecution, but the party bringing a civil action is the plaintiff. In both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant. A criminal case against a person called Ms. Brown would be described as "The People vs. (versus, or against) Brown" in the United States and "R. (Regina, that is, the Queen) vs. Brown" in England. But a civil action between Ms. Brown and Mr. Smith would be "Brown vs. Smith" if it was started by Brown, and "Smith vs. Brown" if it was started by Mr. Smith.
Evidence from a criminal trial is not necessarily admissible as evidence in a civil action about the same matter. For example, the victim of a road accident does not directly benefit if the driver who injured him is found guilty of the crime of careless driving. He still has to prove his case in a civil action. In fact he may be able to prove his civil case even when the driver is found not guilty in the criminal trial.
Once the plaintiff has shown that the defendant is liable, the main argument in a civil court is about the amount of money, or damages, the defendant should pay to the plaintiff.
CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CASES
Crime is a violation of a law that forbids or commands an activity. Such as murder, rape, arson are on the books of every country. Because crime is a violation of public order, the government prosecutes criminal cases.
Courts decide both criminal and civil cases. Civil cases stem from claims to something of value. Disputes arise from accidents, contract obligations, and divorce, for example.
Most countries make a rather clear distinction between civil and criminal procedures. For example, an English criminal court may force a defendant to pay a fine as punishment for his crime, and he may sometimes have to pay the legal costs of the prosecution. But the victim of the crime pursuits his claim for compensation in a civil, not a criminal, action.
Criminal and civil procedures are different. Although some systems, in the English law, allow a private citizen to bring a criminal prosecution to another citizen, criminal actions are nearly always started by the state. Civil procedures, on the other hand, are usually started by individuals.
Some courts, such as the English Magistrates Courts and the Japanese Family Court, deal with both civil and criminal matters. Others, such as the English Crown Court, deal exclusively with one or the other.
In Anglo-American law, the party bringing a criminal action (that is, in most cases the state) is called the prosecution, but the party bringing a civil action is the plaintiff. In both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant. A criminal case against a person called Ms. Brown would be described as "The People vs. (versus, or against) Brown" in the United States and "R. (Regina, that is, the Queen) vs. Brown" in England. But a civil action between Ms. Brown and Mr. Smith would be "Brown vs. Smith" if it was started by Brown, and "Smith vs. Brown" if it was started by Mr. Smith.
Evidence from a criminal trial is not necessarily admissible as evidence in a civil action about the same matter. For example, the victim of a road accident does not directly benefit if the driver who injured him is found guilty of the crime of careless driving. He still has to prove his case in a civil action. In fact he may be able to prove his civil case even when the driver is found not guilty in the criminal trial.
Once the plaintiff has shown that the defendant is liable, the main argument in a civil court is about the amount of money, or damages, the defendant should pay to the plaintiff.
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Уголовные и гражданские дела.
Преступление -- это нарушение закона,запрещающего или предписывающего то или иное действие. В книгах любой страны можно найти такие преступления,как убийство,изнасилование,поджог. Поскольку преступление -- это нарушение общественного порядка,государство расследует уголовные дела.
Суды рассматривают как уголовные,так и гражданские дела. Гражданские дела проистекают из претензий на что-то ценное. Дискуссии возникают из-за непридвиденных обстоятельств,контрактных обязательств и разводов,к примеру.
Большинство стран чётко разделяет гражданские и уголовные процессы. К примеру,Английский уголовный суд в качестве наказания за преступление может принудить обвиняемого заплатить штраф,а в некоторых случаях ему может потребоваться оплатить судебные издержки стороны обвинения. Однако жертва преступления выдвигает требование компенсации издержек в рамках гражданского,а не уголовного процесса.
Уголовные и гражданские процессы различаются. Хотя некоторые системы английского права разрешают частным лицам начинать уголовные процессы против других частных лиц,чаще всего они начинаются по инициативе государства. С другой стороны,гражданские процессы обычно запускаются частными лицами. Некоторые суды,такие,как Английский мировой суд и Японский суд по семейным делам,имеют дело как с гражданскими,так и с уголовными делами. Другие суды,как Английский коронный суд,имеют дело исключительно с одним или другим.
В англо-американском праве сторона,возбуждающая уголовное дело (то есть в большинстве случаев государство),называется стороной обвинения,а сторона,возбуждающая гражданское, -- истцом. И там,и там другая сторона -- ответчик. Уголовное дело,возбуждённое против мисс Браун в Англии могло быть описано как "Люди против Браун" или "Королева против Браун". Но гражданское дело между мисс Браун и мистером Смитом -- "Браун против Смита",если оно было возбуждено Браун,и "Смит против Браун",если Смитом.
Доказательства уголовного процесса не всегда допустимы к применению в качестве доказательств в гражданском иске по тому же вопросу. К примеру,жертва ДТП не получит непосредственной выгоды,если водитель,причинивший ей вред,признан виновным в неосторожном вождении. Жертва всё ещё должна доказать свою правоту с помощью гражданского иска. В действительности он может доказать это,даже если водитель будет признан невиновным в уголовном процессе. Поле того,как истец доказал,что ответчик имеет обязательства,основной вопрос гражданского суда касается размера выплаты или возмещения убытков,которые ответчик должен выплатить истцу.