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1. The Tyumen region is the third biggest area of Russia after Yakutia and the Krasnoyarsk territory. The Tyumen Matrioshka is made up of three parts: Yamalo-Nenets autonomous district, Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous district and the Tyumen region itself. The total area is about 1,5 mln km2 and it is as large as Germany, Austria, Italy and France taken together. The Tyumen region is located on the West-Siberian plain, right beyond the Ural mountain chain. Its capital Tyumen is situated in the south-western part of the region.
2. Tyumen was the first Russian town in Siberia that was called “the Mother of Siberian towns” and “the Gate to Siberia”. It was established as a fortress on the Tura river in 1586. Before that it had been the Tatar capital Chingi-Tura founded on the territory of Siberian Khanate in the 14th century. In August 1581 it was conquered by Cossacks under Yermak’s leadership.
3. The founders of Tyumen were two Cossack voivodes Ivan Myasnoy and Vasiliy Sukin who chose the beautiful cape protected by the Tura and the Tyumenka rivers and built the first burg there in 1586. It was set on the ancient caravan road from Middle Asia to the Volga region. Nomads of southern Siberia raided regularly this road so it should have been guarded. Since that time merchants and travellers could go this way as a good alternative to the famous Silk road. One year later Tobolsk was established not far from Tyumen and became the capital of vast Tobolsk province. Thanks to its advantageous location Tyumen could develop: many craftspeople and merchants settled here.
4. To the end of the 19th century Tyumen was as big as Tobolsk and became the well-developed industrial center. Tyumen was the trans-shipping point from the European part of Russia to Siberia and Asia. This is the place where Siberian shipbuilding originated, where many different trades were supported by merchants and businessmen who spent their money to make the town prosperous and more attractive. Some names are remembered and respected by Tyumenians: Tekutyev, Kolokolnikov, Masharov, Podaruev etc. There were public and private schools, a hospital and a drama theater, a brick factory and an iron foundry, a paper manufactory and a wood-working plant. When Soviet power was proclaimed in Siberia in January 1919 all enterprises in Tyumen were nationalized. The 14th of August 1944 is the birthday of the Tyumen region with Tyumen as the capital.
5. A new stage of development began when oil and natural gas were discovered on the territory of the region. The first oil deposit was found near a small forest village Shayim on the 21st of June 1960. Further discoveries showed that the northern part of Western Siberia possesses incredible quantities of oil and natural gas. The largest oil deposit is in Samatlor and gas deposit is in Urengoy, both of them are the largest in Russia.
6. Since that time Tyumen has grown up rapidly and became the largest city in the region. Nowadays it is an oil and gas center of the country with many well-known enterprises: “Gasprom”, “Rosneft”, “Transneft”, “LUK-oil engineering”, “Novatek”, “Sibur”, “Neftemach”, “Schlumberger” etc. There are not only firms connected with oil and gas industry but many others directed to meet the needs of population.
7. Tyumen is also scientific and educational center. Young people not only of the region but from all Russia and even from abroad come to study here. Tyumen State University, Tyumen University of Industry, Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen State Agrarian University of Northern Urals, Tyumen Higher Military-engineering Command School, Tyumen State Institute of Culture are at their disposal. There are more than 90 research and design institutes mostly working on the development of oil and gas deposits. The scientists provide the theoretical basis for prospecting work. Thanks to their work over 200 deposits were discovered. Some pipelines run from Tyumen oilfields and pump Siberian oil and gas to refineries both in Russia and abroad, in Europe and in Asia.