Read the four texts below which explain some reasons for learners’ errors. Match the reasons (categories) for reasons (A-D) to their descriptions (1-4). A) Developmental B) Mislearning C) Interference D) Fossilization 1 This is where faulty rules and forms, etc. become permanent fixtures in a learners’ language use, i.e., they keep repeating the same mistake and seem unable/unwilling to learn the correct version. A common example of this error is the omission of “s” in the third person singular verb forms. 2 These are similar to mistakes made by children learning their first language, where knowledge or understanding is incomplete. For example, overgeneralization errors occur where learners learn a grammar rule and then apply it to more situations than it is appropriate in – e.g. using the –ed ending for irregular past tense verbs such as “go” and “see” (goed, seed). the addition of the suffix '-s' to form the plural noun. There are two basic types of such errors: Overextension is an error in early word use in which a child uses a single word to label a closely related referent that falls within the same category. Examples are seen in references to people (e.g. daddy for all men), vehicles (e.g. truck for bus), foods (e.g. apple for oranges) and numerous other categories. Underextension, which is roughly the opposite of overextension, occurs when a child acquires a word for a particular thing and fails to extend it to other objects in the same category, using the word in a highly restricted and individualistic way.
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