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Нужен качественный перевод не из интернета. Все не качественные переводы буду удалять не тратьте время.
1. Criminology is a social science dealing with the nature, extent, and causes of crime; the characteristics of criminals and their organizations; the problems of apprehending and convicting offenders; the operation of prisons and other correctional institutions; the rehabilitation of convicts both in and out of prison; and the prevention of crime.
2. The science of criminology has two basic objectives: to determine the causes, whether personal or social, of criminal behaviour and to evolve valid principles for the social control of crime. In pursuing these objectives, criminology draws on the findings of biology, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, and related fields.
3. Criminology originated in the late 18th century when various movements began to question the humanity and efficiency of using punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform. There arose what is called the classical school of criminology, which aimed to mitigate legal penalties and humanize penal institutions. During the 19th century the positivist school attempted to extend scientific neutrality to the understanding of crime. Positivists of the 19th century held that criminals were shaped by their environments, they emphasized case studies and rehabilitative measures. A later school, the 'social defence' movement, stressed the importance of balance between the rights of criminals and the rights of society.
4. Criminologists commonly use several research techniques. The collection and interpretation of statistics is generally the initial step in research. The case study, often used by psychologists, concentrates on an individual or a group. The typological method involves classifying offences, criminals, or criminal areas according to various criteria. Sociological research, which may involve many different techniques, is used in criminology to study groups, subcultures, and gangs as well as rates and kinds of crime within geographic areas.
5. Criminology has many practical applications. Its findings can give lawyers, judges, and prison officials a better understanding of criminals, which may lead to more effective treatment. Criminological research can be used by legislators and in the reform of laws and of penal institutions
Нужен качественный перевод не из интернета. Все не качественные переводы буду удалять не тратьте время.
1. Criminology is a social science dealing with the nature, extent, and causes of crime; the characteristics of criminals and their organizations; the problems of apprehending and convicting offenders; the operation of prisons and other correctional institutions; the rehabilitation of convicts both in and out of prison; and the prevention of crime.
2. The science of criminology has two basic objectives: to determine the causes, whether personal or social, of criminal behaviour and to evolve valid principles for the social control of crime. In pursuing these objectives, criminology draws on the findings of biology, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, and related fields.
3. Criminology originated in the late 18th century when various movements began to question the humanity and efficiency of using punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform. There arose what is called the classical school of criminology, which aimed to mitigate legal penalties and humanize penal institutions. During the 19th century the positivist school attempted to extend scientific neutrality to the understanding of crime. Positivists of the 19th century held that criminals were shaped by their environments, they emphasized case studies and rehabilitative measures. A later school, the 'social defence' movement, stressed the importance of balance between the rights of criminals and the rights of society.
4. Criminologists commonly use several research techniques. The collection and interpretation of statistics is generally the initial step in research. The case study, often used by psychologists, concentrates on an individual or a group. The typological method involves classifying offences, criminals, or criminal areas according to various criteria. Sociological research, which may involve many different techniques, is used in criminology to study groups, subcultures, and gangs as well as rates and kinds of crime within geographic areas.
5. Criminology has many practical applications. Its findings can give lawyers, judges, and prison officials a better understanding of criminals, which may lead to more effective treatment. Criminological research can be used by legislators and in the reform of laws and of penal institutions
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2)Криминология имеет две основные цели: определить причины преступного поведения и соц. контроль преступности. Для достижения этих целей, криминология опирается на такие науки, как биология, психология, психиатрия, социология и антропология.
3)Криминология возникла в конце 18-ого века, когда люди начали сомневаться в гуманности и эффективности используемых в то время наказаний. Тогда и возникла так называемая классическая школа криминологии, которая была направлена на смягчение правовых наказаний и гуманизации исправительных учреждений. В 19 веке позитивистская школа попыталась распостранить нейтральное отношение к понятию преступления. Они считали, что преступники были сформированы в их собственной среде, они подчеркнули тематические исследования и реабилитационные меры. Позже движение «социальной защиты», подчеркнули важность баланса между правами преступников и прав общества.
4) Криминологи обычно используют несколько методов исследования. Сбор и интерпретация статистических данных. Как правило, это является первым шагом в расследовании. Соц. исследование, часто использующиеся психологами, концентрируется на отдельного человека или группе людей. Типологический метод предполагает классификацию преступления, преступников или уголовной области по различным критериям. Социологические исследования, которые могут включать в себя множество различных методов, используется в криминалистике для изучения групп, субкультур, а также виды преступлений в пределах определенных районов.
5)Криминология имеет много практических применений. Его результаты могут предоставить юристы, судьи, а также должностные лица, что поможет лучше понять преступников, что может привести к более эффективному результату. Криминологические исследований могут быть использованы законодателями и при реформации законов и в исправительных учреждениях.