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(1) Criminology is a social science dealing with the nature, extent, and causes of crime; the characteristics of criminals and their organizations; the problems of apprehending and convicting offenders; the operation of prisons and other correctional institutions; the rehabilitation of convicts both in and out of prison; and the prevention of crime.
(2) The science of criminology has two basic objectives: to determine the causes, whether personal or social, of criminal behavior and to evolve valid principles for the social control of crime. In pursuing these objectives, criminology draws on the findings of biology, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, and related fields.
(3) Criminology originated in the late 18th century when various movements began to question the humanity and efficiency of using punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform. There arose as a consequence what is called the classical school of criminology, which aimed to mitigate legal penalties and humanize penal institutions. During the 19th century the positivist school attempted to extend scientific neutrality to the understanding of crime. Because they held that criminals were shaped by their environment, positivists emphasized case studies and rehabilitative measures. A later school, the " social defense" movement, stressed the importance of balance between the rights of criminals and the rights of society.
(4) Criminologists commonly use several research techniques. The collection and interpretation of statistics is generally the initial step in research. The case study, often used by psychologists, concentrates on an individual or a group. The typological method involves classifying offenses, criminals, or criminal areas according to various criteria. Sociological research, which may involve many different techniques, is used in criminology to study groups, subcultures, and gangs as well as rates and kinds of crime within geographic areas.
(5) Criminology has many practical applications. Its findings can give lawyers, judges, and prison officials a better understanding of criminals, which may lead to more effective treatment. Criminological research can be used by legislators and in the reform of laws and of penal institutions.
(1) Criminology is a social science dealing with the nature, extent, and causes of crime; the characteristics of criminals and their organizations; the problems of apprehending and convicting offenders; the operation of prisons and other correctional institutions; the rehabilitation of convicts both in and out of prison; and the prevention of crime.
(2) The science of criminology has two basic objectives: to determine the causes, whether personal or social, of criminal behavior and to evolve valid principles for the social control of crime. In pursuing these objectives, criminology draws on the findings of biology, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, and related fields.
(3) Criminology originated in the late 18th century when various movements began to question the humanity and efficiency of using punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform. There arose as a consequence what is called the classical school of criminology, which aimed to mitigate legal penalties and humanize penal institutions. During the 19th century the positivist school attempted to extend scientific neutrality to the understanding of crime. Because they held that criminals were shaped by their environment, positivists emphasized case studies and rehabilitative measures. A later school, the " social defense" movement, stressed the importance of balance between the rights of criminals and the rights of society.
(4) Criminologists commonly use several research techniques. The collection and interpretation of statistics is generally the initial step in research. The case study, often used by psychologists, concentrates on an individual or a group. The typological method involves classifying offenses, criminals, or criminal areas according to various criteria. Sociological research, which may involve many different techniques, is used in criminology to study groups, subcultures, and gangs as well as rates and kinds of crime within geographic areas.
(5) Criminology has many practical applications. Its findings can give lawyers, judges, and prison officials a better understanding of criminals, which may lead to more effective treatment. Criminological research can be used by legislators and in the reform of laws and of penal institutions.
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1. Криминология -- общественная наука,связанная с сущностью,степенью и причинами преступления,особенностями преступников и их объединений,проблемами ареста и обличения правонарушителей,деятельностью тюрем и других коррекционных учреждений,реабилитацией осуждённых как в тюрьме,так и за её пределами,а также предотвращением преступности.
2. Наука криминология имеет две исходных цели: определить причины (личные или социальные) преступного поведения и усовершенствовать существующие принципы общественного контроля преступлений. Преследуя эти цели,криминология опирается на достижения в биологии,психологии,психиатрии,социологии,антропологии и смежных областей.
3. Криминология зародилась в конце 18-ого века,когда различные социальные движения начали подвергать сомнению гуманность и эффективность использования наказаний вместо устрашения или вовсе реформ. Как следствие возникла так называемая классическая школа криминологии,которая стремилась смягчить санкции и "очеловечить" учреждения строгого режима. В течение 19-ого века позитивисткая школа делала попытки расширить научный нейтралитет в отношении понимания преступлений. Поскольку они считали,что преступники стали такими под воздействием среды,они особо акцентировали отдельные исследования и реабилитационные меры. Поздняя школа,движение "социальной защиты",подчёркивала важность баланса между правами преступника и общества.
4. Обычно криминологи используют сразу несколько методов исследования. Сбор и анализ статистики -- это только лишь начальная ступень исследования. Тематическое исследование,зачастую используемое психологами,концентрируется на отдельном человеке или на целой группе. Типологический анализ включается в себя классификацию преступлений,преступников или мест преступлений согласно определённым критериям. Социологическое исследование,которое может включать в себя множество различных техник,в криминологии используется для изучения групп,субкультур и банд,а также уровней и разновидностей преступлений в пределах одной области.
5. Криминология имеет большое практическое применение. Результаты её исследований могут дать адвокатам,судьям,тюремным работникам лучшее понимание правонарушителей,а значит и лучшее отношение. Криминологическое исследование может использоваться законодателями и в реформе законов и учреждений строгого режима.